Turbulence in a multi-fractal universe, which is made of entangled filaments and knots
...When many uncomfortable omens against the standard cosmology like the anisotropy of the Microwave Background Radiation, acceleration of the universe, outflows from the black-holes etc. are showing up from the traditional corner, evidences against the big-bang theory are also emerging from untraditional corners. The most notable among them are the claims that the universe could be a fractal. By rejecting the hypothesis that the matter in the universe is homogeneously distributed, and studying the data in the galaxy surveys by using different methods than the methods used by the big-bang supporters, Pietronero and Labini have arrived at the conclusion that the universe is a fractal. The other developments include the claim by Halton Arp. According to his observational findings the high redshift quasars are not cosmic objects lying at the edge of the universe. He argues that the quasars are objects ejected from large seyfert galaxies existing in the nearby universe. Third, there is an increasing evidence that the activities in the galaxies can be explained from the magnetic field structures of the galaxies. It has given rise to the idea of a plasma universe, where gravity plays a minor role only...
...This new theory does not suffer from the defects of the standard cosmology. It can not only provide alternative explanations of the experimental facts on which the standard theory is based, but also can explain most of the observations which the standard theory fail to explain. The most important of all, the new theory provides a unified model for cosmic structure formation in all scales - starting from the comets and the planets in the solar system to the superclusters and super-superclusters of galaxies. At the foundation of this structure formations lies a fractal design. Beside being consistent with the observation which claim that the universe as a fractal, and the observations of Halton Arp about the nature of quasars, the plasma cosmology too has a natural place in this theory...
...The main departure of this theory from the standard cosmology arises from different assumptions about the dynamics behind the working of the universe. The standard theory assumes that the gravitational dynamics, which drive the planets in their orbits around the sun, is the sole dynamics responsible for building and driving all cosmic structures. The universe owes its existence to the gravitational force, which has set it to expand starting from an initially singular point, where all masses of the universe were once concentrated. The expansion has brought forth the creation of the gas clouds, which in turn have fragmented as results of gravitational instabilities. From these fragmented chunks the observed cosmic structures have appeared.
Only very recently, the importance of other forces have been realized as vital in understanding the structure formations in the universe. The main new elements are the roles which turbulence and magnetic fields play in the formation of structures. The roles of turbulence and magnetic fields in the formation of especially planets and stars are found to be very important in the newer studies. Even in the scales of the galaxies and clusters of galaxies the magnetic field and turbulence are emerging as crucial players. The ejections observed from the centres of galaxies too, can only be explained with the help of turbulence and magnetic fields.
The foundation of the new theory, proposed in this book, lies in turning our thinking in a dramatically different direction. According to the new view, there exists no such beginning of time, when the process of creation has started. The universe exists for ever. It possesses a dynamics where an eternal turbulence rage everywhere in all scales. With this turbulent churning, the gases and dusts get ionized and magnetic fields are generated. The turbulence and the magnetic fields then become the main dynamical players in an ever lasting cosmos, which regenerates itself from its own decay. It is the turbulence first, then the magnetic field, and then the gravity, which come to play their respective roles when the universe creates and destroys objects in different scales. In the scales of planetary systems, like our sun, where the turbulence have subsided and the magnetic fields have cleared up chaos in the surrounding of the star by using the mechanisms of accretion and ejections, the gravity may take over the planetary dynamics. As long as the turbulence rage, and the effects of the magnetic fields are much stronger than the gravitational force, the universe can not be modelled by the way the theorists have done so far.
If one holds to the view that the universe embodies an eternal vortex, which self-regulates inflows and outflows at all scales, and thus bring birth and death of the cosmic objects at different dimensions, the fractal nature of the universe follows (turbulence embodies fractal characteristics). At the same time one gets rid of the assumptions of the homogeneous and the isotropic universe. Instead, it is made of filaments of gases of different sizes and densities, which generate an inhomogeneous pattern of void (less space filling) and matter (more space filling). This pattern entangles knots of different sizes and strengths. Every knot, in turn, embodies smaller knots in descending scales, as fractal structures do when they are built by assembling self-similar structures at smaller and smaller dimensions. The dynamics of turbulence can be seen as the dynamics of coiling, braiding, splitting and merging of fractal filaments, as well as the growth and breakdown of the knot structures. The knots are the places where the cosmic objects are born and destroyed.
This turbulent dynamics, assisted mainly by the magnetic fields repeat the same process of building structures whether they are stars, or galaxies, or clusters and so on. Ejections follow during the birth of structures, their evolutions and break up. The ways the structures assemble, grow, break and eject structures, from which new structures are built, involve a universal mechanism. Apart from the formation of knots, the universal characteristics also include duality and spiral hierarchy. The central knot are flanked by dual-lobed structures. These lobes, formed from the ejected material emerging from the centre, are moulded by the magnetic fields, which also cause the formation of “double-bubbles” which are seen to be ejected in the polar directions. Fractal embedding of self-similar structures is the other universal mechanism. Most structures begin to form as spirals by winding their arms around the central knot. More the arms wrap tightly, and more the core evolves by the methods of accretion, the ejections from the core become more and more vigorous. During this process of evolution of the spiral structure the system generates a hierarchically embedded structure, where smaller spirals remain enwombed inside larger spirals, which in turn are enwombed within even larger spirals and so on.
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